by Ann Marie M. Minichiello
Published: Lifelines for Health, Winter 2017
The Individualized Healthcare Plan
The Individualized Healthcare Plan (also known as IHP or IHCP) is a common tool used for students with special health needs. When you send your child off to school, you want to know that his or her medical needs will be met while there, and an IHP is just the place to start. A child with a bleeding disorder should have this plan in place and it should be developed by your school or district nurse. According to the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (2005), the development of an IHP must be the responsibility of a licensed nurse. However, in the absence of a school nurse, it is recommended that there still be a plan developed by caregivers, student, healthcare providers and designated school personnel to ensure continuity of care in the school setting.
The IHP is a document based on the nursing process and in essence, is a variation of a nursing care plan. It includes a nursing assessment, diagnosis, interventions, and student outcomes. It is meant to outline the health services that your child will receive in school. It should include how, when and where these services will be provided at school. It should be reviewed and updated annually or as often as the student’s health status changes. An IHP is considered a standard for good nursing practice.
Although an Individualized Healthcare Plan is a standard of school nursing care and should be in place for any student with mild to severe health care needs, there is no law that states your child has the right to this plan.
It is designed to address only medical and nursing issues that do not impact student learning. It does not address access to education in any way; it is strictly a formalized plan to address the medical issues of a student. It does however, provide documentation of the nursing process and can be used in a legal proceeding, should the school nurse’s conduct or performance ever result in such a case. That being said, if a legally protected plan is what you want for your child, then an IEP or 504 Plan would be the appropriate and necessary route to pursue.
If it is determined that your child is eligible for special education services, then an IHP can be included in the health portion of an IEP. An IHP should also be part of a 504 plan that your child qualifies for due to a medically related health condition. When the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was first written, it was considered to be fairly strict, but certain health conditions were not always viewed as disabling. A health condition has not always guaranteed qualification as having a disability under the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act. For instance, it could have been argued that an individual with a bleeding disorder who successfully treated prophylactically might not have been considered to have a disability because his or her medical condition did not substantially limit a major life activity. In 2008, the ADA Amendments Act sought to expand the meaning of a disability and make the law more inclusive of those who may not have qualified previously as having a disability. As a result of this legislation, a school district must consider the effect of the disability without the use of “mitigating measures” such as medication (i.e. worst case scenario). As a result of this change, those with a medically related health condition have the right to a legally binding agreement with the school by having a 504 plan which should include an IHP for specific nursing care procedures.
Emergency Plan:
Just as an IHP can be added to, or part of a 504 Plan, so too can (and should) an Emergency Care Plan (ECP) be part of the equation. An ECP is a document that requires a plan for the worst-case scenario - the emergency situations - that none of us like to think about, but that we always have in the back of our minds as parents of children with special health needs. Unlike the IHP which should be written in “nursing language,” the ECP should be clear and succinct so it is can be read quickly and easily in an emergency situation. It should be in layman’s terms, because it is not just for the school nurse but for any school staff member to implement in an emergency. It can even be formatted like a basic chart:
An IHP and an ECP are both plans that strictly address the medical issues that may arise for the student during the school day. Unlike an IEP or 504 Plan, the IHP and ECP do not have a standardized format. The format may vary by school district or even by school. While considered standard, good nursing practice, you may not find that this type of plan is the “norm” in your school district or with your school nurse. In such a case, it is important for parents to advocate for this plan for your child at school. Your healthcare provider can assist you by acting as a liaison with the school or district nurse or by giving you a plan that you can discuss with the district’s health team. In the end, an ECP is the bare minimum of what should be in place for any child with special health needs. An IHP is a more lengthy and detailed plan that focuses on nursing procedures for your child and can incorporate an ECP. However, if you feel that your child requires more accommodations (and a legally binding agreement) that a nursing care plan does not offer, then you should seek out an evaluation for services provided under a 504 Plan.
The Basics of a Well-Developed IHP:
should always include up to date emergency contact information
should include a review date
should always be signed by a parent/guardian and school nurse
should include six components
Assessment: gives the background information on the student/health issue
Nursing Diagnosis: the school nurse’s analysis/summary of the health issue and how the nurse can contribute for care of the student
Goals/Outcomes: clear, concise outcomes for student healthcare plan
Nursing Interventions: details how the nurse will meet the goals
Implementation: put the plan in practice
Evaluation: reviewing student goals and whether they have been attained; review interventions and adjust as needed based on status of the student’s health
The Emergency Care Plan should be part of the IHP - it must include what emergent scenarios could arise as a result of the student’s health condition and what actions must be taken in response - for any member of the school staff (not just the school nurse)
Remember, there is no standardized format for the IHP. You may see many different versions of this type of document. Your medical provider must submit written orders for any medical treatment that may be performed at school.
References and additional resources:
http://oley.org/?page=IHP_IEP_Difference
https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/504faq.html
